TO study the planting of the smaller special settlements after 1840 is to realise that various motives were at work.

A sense of insecurity after wars with native tribes was the origin of grants of land to soldier-settlers in frontier localities, their holders being liable for military service. So came .the pensioner settlements (1847) near Auckland—Onehunga, Howick, Panmure, and Otahuhu—occupied by the Fencibles, who were discharged soldiers enrolled in England for this purpose. So, too, arose a number of militia outposts, with town and farming allotments, at the end of the Taranaki and Waikato War. Kirikiriroa (1864), which gave birth to Hamilton, is an eminent instance. Its men, the 4^th Waikato Regiment, were enlisted in Australia.

Religious fervour was prominent in the expeditions that brought settlers to Waipu (1854) and Albertland (1862). The Waipu group was an off­shoot of a Highland crofters’ colony in Nova Scotia, the Rev. Norman McLeod leading and controlling the New Zealand adventure; the Albertlanders were a community of English Nonconformists.

This motive had influence also in the founding, near Tauranga, of Katikati (1875 and 1878), by parties of Ulster -Protestants under George Vesey Stewart. In his recruiting of immigrants for adjacent Te Puke (1881) he was less exclusive.

Feilding, with Haleombe and Ashhurst, arose (1874) from the enterprise of an English financial corporation, this bush-land ‘ Manchester Block’ being chiefly occupied, as was intended, by Buckinghamshire and Middlesex farm labourers, many of them out of work in hard times. To better them­selves and their children was, indeed, the impelling hope of most settlers in the period 1871-1881, when 100,000 State-aided immigrants arrived.